Changes in body composition of Wistar rats: effects of high-intensity interval training

The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in the body composition of Wistar rats. The HIIT protocol consisted of high-intensity swimming three times a week for four weeks. There were no differences between groups as to the Lee index. However, the weights of the perigonadal (p=0.001) and retroperitoneal (p=0.026) fats were significantly different between the Control Group (CG, n=10) vs. Trained Group (TG, n=10), respectively. There was also a significant increase in the body weight of the animals in TG (16.43%) and CG (7.19%) at the end of the experiment. These findings suggested that HIIT was not sufficient to improve significantly the body composition of rats.

High-intensity interval training poses no risk to hypertensive women / El entrenamiento de intervalos de alta intensidad no presenta riesgo para mujeres hipertensas / Treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade não apresenta risco para mulheres hipertensas

ABSTRACT Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether a single session of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) would promote a hypotensive effect and cardiovascular risk in hypertensive women, in addition to increasing the bioavailability of nitric oxide. Methods: The sample consisted of 10 hypertensive women (63.7 ± 10.34 years; 66 ± 7.67 kg and 153.7 ± 9.08 cm) and the training load was established at 60% of the maximum aerobic speed. Results: We observed a very high hypotensive effect between the interaction moments during the intervention (Int. Pre: 122.40 ± 18.58; Int. Post: 143.00 ± 24.90; Int. Post 60min: 121.40 ± 13.87; p<0.001, η2P = 0.569). No cardiovascular risk was observed during the intervention (DP = Int. Pre: 9138.20 ± 1805.34; Int. Post: 14849.70 ± 3387.94; Int. Post 60min: 9615.90 ± 1124.41, p< 0.001, η2P = 0.739) and there was no increase in the bioavailability of nitric oxide. Conclusion: In conclusion, this work reveals that an HIIT session is capable of generating a hypotensive effect while not posing cardiovascular risk in hypertensive women. Level of evidence I; High-quality randomized clinical trial with or without statistically significant difference, but with narrow confidence intervals .

RESUMEN Introducción: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar si una única sesión de entrenamiento de intervalos de alta intensidad (HIIT) podría promover un efecto hipotensor y riesgo cardiovascular en mujeres hipertensas, así como aumentar la biodisponibilidad del óxido nítrico. Métodos: La muestra fue compuesta por 10 mujeres hipertensas (63,7 ± 10,34 años; 66 ± 7,67 kg y 153,7 ± 9,08 cm) y la carga de entrenamiento se estableció en el 60% de la velocidad aeróbica máxima. Resultados: Se observó un efecto hipotensor muy elevado entre los momentos de interacción durante la intervención (Int. Pre: 122,40 ± 18,58; Int. Post: 143,00 ± 24,90; Int. Post 60 min: 121,40 ± 13,87; p <0,001, η2P = 0,569). No se observó ningún riesgo cardiovascular durante la intervención (DP = Int. Pre: 9138,20 ± 1805,34; Int. Post: 14849,70 ± 3387,94; Int. Post 60 min: 9615,90 ± 1124,41, p <0,001, η2P = 0,739) y no hubo aumento de la biodisponibilidad de óxido nítrico. Conclusiones: En conclusión, este trabajo revela que una sesión de HIIT es capaz de generar efecto hipotensor sin presentar riesgo cardiovascular en mujeres hipertensas. Nivel de evidencia I; Estudio clínico aleatorizado de alta calidad con o sin diferencia estadísticamente significativa, pero con intervalos de confianza estrechos.

RESUMO Introdução: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se uma única sessão de treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade (HIIT) promoveria efeito hipotensor e risco cardiovascular em mulheres hipertensas, bem como aumentar a biodisponibilidade de óxido nítrico. Métodos: A amostra foi composta por 10 mulheres hipertensas (63,7 ± 10,34 anos; 66, ± 7,67 kg e 153,7 ± 9,08 cm) e a carga de treinamento foi estabelecida em 60% da velocidade aeróbica máxima. Resultados: Observamos um efeito hipotensor muito alto entre os momentos de interação durante a intervenção (Int. Pré: 122,40 ± 18,58; Int. Pós: 143,00 ± 24,90; Int. Pós 60 min.: 121,40 ± 13,87; p < 0,001, η2P = 0,569). Nenhum risco cardiovascular foi observado durante a intervenção (DP = Int. Pré: 9138,20 ± 1805,34; Int. Pós: 14849,70 ± 3387,94; Int. Pós: 60 min.: 9615,90 ± 1124,41, p < 0,001, η2P = 0,739) e não houve aumento da biodisponibilidade de óxido nítrico. Conclusões: Em conclusão, este trabalho revela que uma sessão de HIIT é capaz de gerar efeito hipotensor sem apresentar risco cardiovascular em mulheres hipertensas. Nível de evidência I; Estudo clínico randomizado de alta qualidade com ou sem diferença estatisticamente significativa, mas com intervalos de confiança estreitos .

High-intensity resistance exercise and Schinus terenbinthifolius supplementation attenuate oxidative stress and muscle damage biomarkers / El ejercicio de resistencia de alta intensidad y la suplementación con Schinus terenbinthifolius atenúan los biomarcadores del estrés oxidativo y daño muscular

SUMMARY: High-intensity physical exercises can cause oxidative stress and muscle damage. Several medicinal plants have been used as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents. The present study evaluated high-intensity resistance exercise (HIRE) associated with Schinus Terebentifholius ethanolic extract (EE) on oxidative parameters and muscle damage in Wistar rats. Animals were divided into 04 groups (n=10/group): 1. Control (CG) - animals that did not undergo HIRE and were treated with vehicle (distilled water, orally); 2. Acute exercise (AE) - animals submitted to acute exercise session; 3. Exercise + vehicle (EV) - animals that underwent HIRE and were treated with vehicle and 4. Exercise + extract (EX) animals administered with Schinus terebenthifolius EE (100mg/Kg, orally) and submitted to the exercise session. Schinus terebenthifolius EE showed high in vitro antioxidant activity (13.88 ± 0.36 mg/mL). Before the experimental period, lactate was measured at pre and post moments of AE (p<0.0001) and EX (p<0.0001) groups. After the acute session, the following were evaluated: oxidative stress {malondialdehyde (MDA), sulfhydryl groups (SH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP)}, muscle damage (creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). In the in vivo analyses of the EX group compared to AE and EV groups, respectively: hepatic (MDA: p<0.0001 and SH: p=0.0033, in both; FRAP: p=0.0011 and p=0.0047), muscle (MDA, SH and FRAP: p<0.0001, in both; CK: p=0.0001 and p<0.0001; LDH: p<0.0001, in both), serum levels (MDA: p=0.0003, p=0.0012, SH: p=0.0056, p=0.0200, FRAP: p=0.0017 and p=0.0165) were significant. There was no significant difference in ALT and AST markers. It could be concluded that Schinus terebenthifolius EE associated with HIRE attenuated oxidative stress and muscle damage in rats.

RESUMEN: Los ejercicios físicos de alta intensidad pueden causar estrés oxidativo y daño muscular. Varias plantas medicinales se han utilizado como agentes antioxidantes y antiinflamatorios. El presente estudio evaluó el ejercicio de resistencia de alta intensidad (HIRE) asociado con el extracto etanólico (EE) de Schinus terebentifholius sobre los parámetros oxidativos y el daño muscular en ratas Wistar. Los animales se dividieron en 4 grupos (n=10/grupo): 1. Control (GC) - animales que no se sometieron a HIRE y fueron tratados con vehículo (agua destilada, por vía oral); 2. Ejercicio agudo (AE) - animales sometidos a sesión de ejercicio agudo; 3. Ejercicio + vehículo (EV) - animales que se sometieron a HIRE y fueron tratados con vehículo y 4. Ejercicio + extracto (EX) animales administrados con Schinus terebenthifolius EE (100 mg/kg, por vía oral) y sometidos a la sesión de ejercicio. Schinus terebenthifolius EE mostró una alta actividad antioxidante in vitro (13,88 ± 0,36 mg/mL). Antes del período experimental, se midió el lactato en los momentos pre y post de los grupos AE (p<0,0001) y EX (p<0,0001). Tras la sesión aguda, se evaluaron: el estrés oxidativo malondialdehído (MDA), grupos sulfhidrilo (SH) y poder antioxidante reductor férrico (FRAP), daño muscular (creatina quinasa (CK) y lactato deshidrogenasa (LDH)), alanina aminotransferasa (ALT) y aspartato aminotransferasa (AST). En los análisis in vivo del grupo EX frente a los grupos AE y EV, respectivamente: hepático (MDA: p<0,0001 y SH: p=0,0033, en ambos; FRAP: p=0,0011 y p=0,0047), muscular (MDA, SH y FRAP: p<0,0001, en ambos; CK: p=0,0001 y p<0,0001; LDH: p<0,0001, en ambos), niveles séricos (MDA: p=0,0003, p=0,0012, SH: p=0,0056, p=0,0200, FRAP: p=0,0017 y p=0,0165) fueron significativas. No hubo diferencia significativa en los marcadores ALT y AST. Se podría concluir que Schinus terebenthifolius EE asociado con HIRE atenuó el estrés oxidativo y el daño muscular en ratas.

The importance of Physical Education classes in the socialization and interaction of children at school in relation to time in the classroom and break / A importância das aulas de Educação Física na socialização e interação das crianças na escola em relação ao tempo em sala de aula e intervalo

The study aimed to identify the influence of physical education on socialization among students in relation to classroom time and recreation. Quali-quantitative observational research was carried out with descriptive analysis of the data in a private school in Petrolândia, Pernambuco, Brazil. The results of the research show that Physical Education classes promote greater interaction among students. In conclusion, it is observed that physical education classes are of fundamental importance for the interaction of students within the school environment

O estudo teve como objetivo identificar a influência da Educação Física na socialização entre os escolares em relação ao tempo de aula e do recreio. Foi realizada pesquisa observacional quali-quantitativa, com análise descritiva dos dados, em uma escola particular de Petrolândia, Pernambuco, Brasil. Os resultados da pesquisa mostram que as aulas de Educação Física promovem maior interação entre os alunos. Em conclusão, observa-se que as aulas de Educação Física são de fundamental importância para a interação dos alunos dentro do ambiente escolar

Effects of HIIT associated with Coutoubea spicata supplementation on tissue and oxidative damage biomarkers in Wistar rats / Efectos del HIIT asociado a la suplementación de Coutoubea spicata en los biomarcadores del tejido y daño oxidativo en ratas Wistar

SUMMARY: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of six weeks of HIIT on tissue and oxidative damage markers in rats supplemented with Coutoubea spicata fraction. Thirty-two male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: Baseline (GB); supplemented with 100 mg/kg of Coutoubea spicata fraction (GSCS); exercised for 6 weeks with the HIIT protocol (GH); supplemented with 100 mg/kg of Coutoubea spicata fraction + HIIT for 6 weeks (GHCS). Exercised animals performed the HIIT protocol (2 x 2). Tissue damage CK, LDH, ALT and AST markers in plasma were analyzed, as well as oxidative stress MDA and SH biomarkers in plasma and in cardiac, hepatic and muscle tissues. The results showed that CK, LDH, AST and ALT enzymes showed increase in GH when compared to GB (p<0.0001). However, CK, AST and ALT markers reduced their concentrations in GHCS when compared to GH (p<0.0001), indicating that Coutoubea spicata supplementation attenuated the damage in muscle and liver tissues induced by HIIT. Plasma, liver and muscle MDA showed increase in GH after HIIT sessions; however, when compared to GHCS, it showed reduced levels (p<0.0001). SH was elevated in the GH group when compared to GB in plasma and liver tissues (p<0.0001); in contrast, reduction in GHCS when compared to GH was observed in plasma, liver and cardiac tissues, demonstrating the redox effect of HIIT on some tissues. Thus, our findings showed that Coutoubea spicata has antioxidant activity, reducing oxidative damage markers and consequently tissue damage in healthy Wistar rats after HIIT protocol, but it also demonstrated redox balance after analyzing oxidative stress markers.

RESUMEN: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar los efectos de HIIT en los marcadores de daño tisular y oxidativo en ratas suplementadas con Coutoubea spicata durante seis semanas. Treinta y dos ratas Wistar macho se dividieron en 4 grupos: línea de base (GB); suplementados con 100 mg/kg de fracción de Coutoubea spicata (GSCS); ejercitados durante 6 semanas con el protocolo HIIT (GH); suplementado con 100 mg/kg de fracción de Coutoubea spicata + HIIT durante 6 semanas (GHCS). Los animales ejercitados realizaron el protocolo HIIT (2x2). Se analizaron los marcadores de daño tisular CK, LDH, ALT y AST en plasma, así como los biomarcadores de estrés oxidativo MDA y SH en plasma y en tejidos cardiaco, hepático y muscular. Los resultados indicaron que las enzimas CK, LDH, AST y ALT mostraron aumento en GH en comparación con GB (p<0,0001). Sin embargo, los marcadores CK, AST y ALT redujeron sus concentraciones en GHCS en comparación con GH (p<0,0001), lo que indica que la suplementación con Coutoubea spicata atenuó el daño en los tejidos musculares y hepáticos inducido por HIIT. La MDA de plasma, hígado y músculo mostró un aumento en la GH después de las sesiones de HIIT; sin embargo, en comparación con GHCS, mostró niveles reducidos (p<0,0001). Se observó SH elevado en el grupo de GH en comparación con GB en plasma y tejidos hepáticos (p<0,0001); en contraste, se observó una reducción en GHCS en comparación con GH en plasma, hígado y tejidos cardíacos, lo que demuestra el efecto redox de HIIT en algunos tejidos. Por lo tanto, nuestros hallazgos mostraron que Coutoubea spicata tiene actividad antioxidante, con reducción de los marcadores de daño oxidativo y, en consecuencia, el daño tisular en ratas Wistar sanas después del protocolo HIIT, pero además demostró el equilibrio redox después de analizar los marcadores de estrés oxidativo.

Short-term hiit does not promote oxidative stress or muscle damage / Hiit de corto plazo no promueve estrés oxidativo o daños musculares / Hiit de curto prazo não promove estresse oxidativo ou danos musculares

ABSTRACT Introduction: High intensity interval training (HIIT) is a method that is widely used today. Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of HIIT on markers of oxidative stress and muscle damage in rats. Methods: The sample consisted of 60-day-old Wistar rats, divided into two groups: a control group (n=8) and an HIIT group (n=8). The training consisted of fourteen 20-second swimming sessions (loaded with weights equivalent to 14% of their body weight) with 10-second intervals between each session, performed for 12 consecutive days. Results: HIIT induced a reduction (−17.75%) in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (an oxidative stress marker) in hepatic tissue (p=0.0482). There was also a reduction (−31.80%) in the HIIT group in the level of superoxide dismutase enzyme activity in the liver (p=0.0375). However, there were no differences between the groups in catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, the total content of SH sulfhydryls, hydroperoxides, or carbonylated proteins in the hepatic tissue. No significant differences were found in any of these markers in the gastrocnemius muscle. The muscle damage markers creatinine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase were also similar between the groups in the gastrocnemius. Conclusion: The conclusion was that that short-term HIIT does not cause oxidative stress or muscle damage. Level of evidence I; High-quality randomized clinical trial with or without statistically significant difference, but with narrow confidence intervals.

RESUMEN Introducción: El entrenamiento en intervalos de alta intensidad (HIIT) es un método muy utilizado actualmente. Objetivo: El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar los efectos del HIIT en corto plazo sobre marcadores de estrés oxidativo y daño muscular en ratones. Métodos: La muestra consistió en ratones Wistar con 60 días de edad, divididos en dos grupos: grupo control (n = 8) y grupo HIIT (n = 8). El entrenamiento consistió en catorce sesiones de natación de 20 segundos (con cargas equivalentes a 14% del peso corporal) con intervalos de 10 segundos entre cada sesión, realizadas durante 12 días consecutivos. Resultados: El HIIT indujo una reducción (-17,75%) de las sustancias reactivas al ácido tiobarbitúrico (un marcador de estrés oxidativo) en el tejido hepático (p = 0,0482). También hubo reducción (~31,80%) en el grupo HIIT en el nivel de enzima superóxido dismutasa en el hígado (p=0,0375). Sin embargo, no hubo diferencias entre los grupos con relación a catalasa, glutatión peroxidasa, glutatión reductasa, tenor total de sulfhidrilos SH, hidroperóxidos o proteínas carboniladas en el tejido hepático. No fue encontrada ninguna diferencia significativa en ninguno de esos marcadores en el músculo gastrocnemio. Los marcadores de lesión muscular, creatinina quinasa y lactato deshidrogenasa también fueron similares entre los grupos en el gastrocnemio. Conclusión: Fue posible concluir que el HIIT de corta duración no causa estrés oxidativo o daño muscular. Nivel de evidencia I; Estudio clínico aleatorizado de alta calidad con o sin diferencia estadísticamente significativa, pero con intervalos de información estrechos.

RESUMO Introdução: O treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade (HIIT) é um método muito utilizado atualmente. Objetivo: O presente estudo objetivou avaliar os efeitos do HIIT em curto prazo sobre marcadores de estresse oxidativo e dano muscular em ratos. Métodos: A amostra consistiu em ratos Wistar com 60 dias de idade, divididos em dois grupos: grupo controle (n = 8) e grupo HIIT (n = 8). O treinamento consistiu em quatorze sessões de natação de 20 segundos (com cargas equivalentes a 14% do peso corporal) com intervalos de 10 segundos entre cada sessão, realizadas por 12 dias consecutivos. Resultados: O HIIT induziu uma redução (-17,75%) das substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (um marcador de estresse oxidativo) no tecido hepático (p = 0,0482). Houve também redução (-31,80%) no grupo HIIT no nível de enzima superóxido dismutase no fígado (p = 0,0375). No entanto, não houve diferenças entre os grupos com relação a catalase, glutationa peroxidase, glutationa redutase, teor total de sulfidrilas SH, hidroperóxidos ou proteínas carboniladas no tecido hepático. Nenhuma diferença significativa foi encontrada em qualquer um desses mascadores no músculo gastrocnêmio. Os marcadores de lesão muscular, creatinina quinase e lactato desidrogenase, também foram semelhantes entre os grupos no gastrocnêmio. Conclusão: Foi possível concluir que o HIIT de curta duração não causa estresse oxidativo ou dano muscular. Nível de evidência I; Estudo clínico randomizado de alta qualidade com ou sem diferença estatisticamente significante, mas com intervalos de informação estreitos.

Biomarker responses of cardiac oxidative stress to high intensity interval training in rats

Abstract Aim: The present study aimed to verify the cardiac oxidative stress biomarker responses to high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in rats. Methods: Sixteen male Wistar rats weighing 250 to 300 g were equally divided into two groups (8 animals/group): sedentary control (SC) and trained group (HIIT). The exercise protocol consisted of high-intensity swimming (14% of body weight, 20 s of activity with 10 s of pause performed 14 times) which was performed for 12 consecutive days. Results: The cardiac tissue concentrations of malondialdehyde and carbonylated proteins showed no significant changes; on the other hand, hydroperoxide levels were higher in the HIIT group than in the SC group. The activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase enzymes and the levels of reduced glutathione and sulfhydryl remained unchanged. Conclusion: It is possible to conclude that short-term high-intensity interval training induces changes in the cardiac oxidative stress biomarker but with no effect on the antioxidant enzymes.